Lithium-ion batteries lead the market for portable electronics due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rate. However, the demand for lithium-ion batteries in emerging applications such as electric vehicles and grid storage has placed increased pressure on the supply chain of essential battery materials.

Titanium sputtering is a widely utilized process in the fabrication of high-performance coatings across various industries. This method involves a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting layer exhibits remarkable properties such as excellent adhesion, high hardnes